01
Research focus
Record characters, pinyin, a source example and a provisional rendering. Build contextual entries when the same term has different technical uses.
02
Procedure and example
Compare three passages to test one rendering. Retain transliteration where needed and avoid implying equivalence to a modern scientific term.
03
Output and review
Deliver a bilingual term list, reasons and exceptions, with clear separation between translation and commentary. Include one term without a one-word equivalent and explain the choice of transliteration, rendering or annotation.
Resources and methodological references
The procedures and exercises are editorial teaching suggestions. These resources provide textual, collection or open-research access; links imply no affiliation or endorsement.
Chinese Text Project · Introduction ↗
Resource information for text search and locating words and editions.
International Dunhuang Programme ↗
Manuscript collections, images and catalogue access.
Editorial study material · 2026-09-28